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Payment Institutions × Risk — International / Multilateral · Last updated 11 Jun 2026 · Hallucination Register
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Finding#1, Basel equity carve-out condition in KC3 fabricated

RLB Citation ID: RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002
AI's failure:Exposed Fabrication Risk for Payment Institutions × Risk:Regulatory enforcement
What the RLB Specialist Panel found
For Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on)
Question (paraphrased to protect IP)

Under PFMI Principle 15 Key Consideration 3, what is the specific condition that governs whether equity held under international risk-based capital standards (e.g. Basel/CRD) can be counted towards an FMI's liquid net assets funded by equity requirement?

RLB's analysis

The model generated a two-part compound condition, a KC4 liquidity requirement and a non-duplication-across-Principles constraint, that does not appear in the regulator's text. The published rule states a single permissive condition framed around avoiding duplicate capital requirements. The model's formulation is internally coherent and draws on real concepts from adjacent provisions of the PFMI framework, but it applies them to this Key Consideration in a way the standard does not support, producing a materially more restrictive and structurally different rule than the regulator published.

AI Head's analysis — what weakness in the AI model caused this

This failure implicates training-data representation of PFMI Principle 15's Key Consideration structure: the model generated a two-part compound condition drawing on real concepts from adjacent Key Considerations (KC4 liquidity, cross-Principles non-duplication) and applied them to KC3 in a way the standard does not support. The subsystem gap is verbatim-constraint anchoring — the model's schema for how this provision works overrode the regulator's actual published language, producing a materially more restrictive rule that does not exist.

For Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on)
Question (paraphrased to protect IP)

Under PFMI Principle 15 Key Consideration 3, what is the specific condition that governs whether equity held under international risk-based capital standards (e.g. Basel/CRD) can be counted towards an FMI's liquid net assets funded by equity requirement?

RLB's analysis

The model generated a two-part compound condition, a KC4 liquidity requirement and a non-duplication-across-Principles constraint, that does not appear in the regulator's text. The published rule states a single permissive condition framed around avoiding duplicate capital requirements. The model's formulation is internally coherent and draws on real concepts from adjacent provisions of the PFMI framework, but it applies them to this Key Consideration in a way the standard does not support, producing a materially more restrictive and structurally different rule than the regulator published.

AI Head's analysis — what weakness in the AI model caused this

This failure implicates training-data representation of PFMI Principle 15's Key Consideration structure: the model generated a two-part compound condition drawing on real concepts from adjacent Key Considerations (KC4 liquidity, cross-Principles non-duplication) and applied them to KC3 in a way the standard does not support. The subsystem gap is verbatim-constraint anchoring — the model's schema for how this provision works overrode the regulator's actual published language, producing a materially more restrictive rule that does not exist.

Impact for Risk Teams in Payment Institutions Sector in international jurisdictions working with the Implementation Monitoring of the PFMI: Level 3 Assessment on General Business Risks

AI tools we tested produced two contradictory but equally wrong answers on the condition governing whether Basel-regulated equity qualifies toward an FMI's LNAFE under Principle 15 KC3: one invented a KC4 liquidity test not present in KC3, and another flatly denied that KC3 contains any Basel carve-out at all.

For a Risk team at a Payment Institution that relies on the Basel carve-out to avoid holding a redundant liquid equity buffer on top of its already-regulated capital, the second error is commercially material: it would lead the team to exclude qualifying capital from the LNAFE calculation, either understating the buffer in internal MI or building an unnecessarily large separate liquid asset pool. In a PFMI-aligned supervisory review, a policy document that omits the carve-out or mis-cites the condition will be directly contradicted by the rule text a supervisor reads.

References — raw findings (per AI model)
This finding also affects
Next finding → Finding#2, KC3 six-month floor recast as dual-track minimum
Cite this finding

Each finding has a stable Citation ID (RLB-F-… for aggregated case-study findings, RLB-H-… for raw per-model hallucinations) — like a DOI, the ID always resolves to the canonical finding even if URLs change.

RLB Citation ID: RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002
Plain text Download
RegLeg Specialist Panel (2026). "Finding#1, Basel equity carve-out condition in KC3 fabricated — Payment Institutions × Risk — International / Multilateral." Citation ID: RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002. RegLegBrief AI Hallucination Research, published 2026-06-11. https://reglegbrief.com/regulators/j1/int/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025/sectors/payment_institutions/risk/finding/INT-BIS-CPMI-INT-001-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-v1-002/
APA 7th edition Download
RegLeg Specialist Panel. (2026). Finding#1, Basel equity carve-out condition in KC3 fabricated [Hallucination finding RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002]. RegLegBrief AI Hallucination Research. https://reglegbrief.com/regulators/j1/int/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025/sectors/payment_institutions/risk/finding/INT-BIS-CPMI-INT-001-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-v1-002/
Bluebook / OSCOLA (US + UK legal) Download
RegLeg Specialist Panel, Finding#1, Basel equity carve-out condition in KC3 fabricated [RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002], RegLegBrief AI Hallucination Research (June 11, 2026), https://reglegbrief.com/regulators/j1/int/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025/sectors/payment_institutions/risk/finding/INT-BIS-CPMI-INT-001-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-v1-002/.
BibTeX Download
@misc{reglegbrief_RLB_F_INT_BIS_CPMI_IOSCO_PFMI_L3_GENERAL_BUSINESS_RISK_2025_Q002,
  author    = {RegLeg Specialist Panel},
  title     = {Finding#1, Basel equity carve-out condition in KC3 fabricated},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {RegLegBrief AI Hallucination Research},
  note      = {Hallucination finding Citation ID: RLB-F-INT-BIS-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-Q002},
  url       = {https://reglegbrief.com/regulators/j1/int/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025/sectors/payment_institutions/risk/finding/INT-BIS-CPMI-INT-001-CPMI-IOSCO-PFMI-L3-GENERAL-BUSINESS-RISK-2025-v1-002/}
}
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