AI Hallucination ResearchRegulatorsGlobal standard-settersINTBIS-CPMI › CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024

Promoting the Harmonisation of Application Programming Interfaces to Enhance Cross-Border Payments: Recommendations and Toolkit

Bank for International Settlements — Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) (BIS-CPMI)

Last updated 7 Jun 2026 · Full ledger: Hallucination Register · Parent: BIS-CPMI

6
Findings live
2
AI subjects
26
Citation issues
5
Dominant mode count
Research Complete Hallucination findings published
Hallucination Shape
(6 Response Hallucination + 26 Citation Hallucination = 32 Hallucination findings)

Citation Hallucination Modes (26 failures)

Fabricated 2
Pretextual 2
Contradictory 22
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Hallucination findings

6 finding cards across 2 AI Models — covering 6 Response Hallucinations + 26 Citation Hallucinations (32 hallucination failures total). Each card pairs the AI's answer against the authenticated regulator-text excerpt that contradicts it, and flags every AI-cited source as Fabricated / Pretextual / Contradictory.

Model: Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) · published 2026-06-04 · Misstated Rule
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q007-Opus47
An advisor to a South African financial institution needs to know which central banks are actively involved in piloting or implementing specific API harmonisation recommendations, and whether any central bank is specifically named as partnering with CPMI on the payment pre-validation API recommendation.
Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) answered
it is plausible that SARB is engaged with the d224 implementation track, but I cannot point to a public CPMI statement naming SARB as the specific partner on the pre-validation API recommendation.
Regulator text says
CPMI Brief No. 9 (Nov 2025): 'The CPMI, in collaboration with the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), has been advancing the API recommendation on payment pre-validation by conducting interviews with market stakeholders.'
Verbatim source
p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm — d224 / CPMI Brief No. 9 — SARB as CPMI's named implementation partner for pre-validation API recommendation
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm
Model: Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) · published 2026-06-04 · Inference Drift
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q008-Opus47
A compliance analyst asks which of the 10 CPMI API harmonisation recommendations specifically target commercial banks or correspondent banking institutions, which target payment system operators, which target central banks or regulators, and which target standards bodies—seeking a recommendation-by-recommendation stakeholder breakdown.
Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) answered
(i) FACILITATIVE / GLOBAL HARMONISATION PROCESSES — primarily targeted at API standards-setting bodies (ISO, BIAN, Swift, regional/sectoral bodies), CPMI itself, and public authorities coordinating global governance; secondarily at payment-system operators that adopt those standards. Not specifically at correspondent banks.
Regulator text says
Recommendation 1: Open API standards. All stakeholders in API standardisation, but especially jurisdictional authorities and standards organisations, should actively support the development of cross-border payment API standards that are voluntary, open and consensus-based. [...] Recommendation 2: Existing harmonisation initiatives. Jurisdictional authorities (eg central banks, relevant government agencies, and regulatory bodies) and standards organisations should leverage the experience of existing API harmonisation initiatives [...]
Verbatim source
cpmi-d224-api-harmonisation-2024.pdf — Section 2.2.1 Recommendation 1 (p.15) and Section 2.2.2 Recommendation 2 (p.16)
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/cpmi-d224-api-harmonisation-2024.pdf
Model: Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) · published 2026-06-04 · Inference Drift
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q010-Opus47
A market briefing on the global fast payment system landscape needs CPMI data on how many domestic fast payment systems are currently operational globally, how many have already enabled cross-border payment exchanges, how many are planning cross-border linkages, and what proportion are operated by central banks versus private entities.
Claude Opus 4.7 (web search on) answered
the 2025 monitoring survey covers 57 fast payment systems (56 for one of the graph cuts), up from prior surveys; this is the most recent CPMI count
Regulator text says
Speech sp231115 (Nov 2023, Tara Rice): '70+ domestic fast payment systems currently operational globally'; '14 fast payment systems already enabling cross-border exchanges'; '24 systems planning linkages within five years'; '40% operated by central banks; 35% by private entities'
Verbatim source
p_10_GUIDELINE_Tara_Rice_speech_Nov_2023___FPS_statisti_d230.htm — Tara Rice speech Nov 2023 — FPS statistics: 70+ systems globally, 14 already cross-border, 24 planning
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/p_10_GUIDELINE_Tara_Rice_speech_Nov_2023___FPS_statisti_d230.htm
Model: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) · published 2026-06-07 · Inference Drift
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q007-Sonnet46
Which central bank is explicitly named as a collaborating partner with CPMI on the payment pre-validation API recommendation from the October 2024 API harmonisation report, and what does that collaboration involve?
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) answered
available sources do not identify SARB as a named pilot partner for any specific d224 recommendation, including the pre-validation API recommendation
Regulator text says
CPMI Brief No. 9 (Nov 2025): 'The CPMI, in collaboration with the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), has been advancing the API recommendation on payment pre-validation by conducting interviews with m
Verbatim source
p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm — d224 / CPMI Brief No. 9 — SARB as CPMI's named implementation partner for pre-validation API recommendation
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm
Model: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) · published 2026-06-07 · Inference Drift
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q009-Sonnet46
What specific changes did the February 2026 updated CPMI harmonised ISO 20022 data requirements make compared to the October 2023 original — including regulatory developments incorporated, clarifications provided, and how the separate technical annex relates to the main document?
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) answered
From November 2026 onwards, only structured and hybrid addresses will be permitted in ISO 20022 cross-border payment messages — the fully unstructured address format is being phased out. This is being driven by the SWIFT/CBPR+ community and is reflected in d230's updated requirements.
Regulator text says
The updated version of the report takes into account standardisation and regulatory developments since 2023, provides clarification where market participants had sought further guidance, and sets out the updated and expanded data model in a separate technical annex.
Verbatim source
p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm — d218 — d230 update: what changed from original to updated ISO 20022 requirements
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/p_05_GUIDELINE_d218___d230_update__what_changed_from_or_d223.htm
Model: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) · published 2026-06-04 · Inference Drift
RLB-H-INT-BIS-CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024-Q010-Sonnet46
A market briefing on the global fast payment system landscape was asked to include the proportion of fast payment systems operated by central banks versus private entities. The response correctly cited the 70+ global systems, 14 already cross-border, and 24 planning links — but falsely stated the ownership breakdown was not available in public CPMI sources, when the November 2023 CPMI speech by Tara Rice explicitly gives 40% central bank-operated and 35% privately operated.
Claude Sonnet 4.6 (web search on) answered
A precise percentage breakdown of central bank vs. privately operated FPS is not enumerated in the public Brief 10 summaries available.
Regulator text says
Speech sp231115 (Nov 2023, Tara Rice): '70+ domestic fast payment systems currently operational globally'; '14 fast payment systems already enabling cross-border exchanges'; '24 systems planning linkages within five years'; '40% operated by central banks; 35% by private entities'
Verbatim source
p_10_GUIDELINE_Tara_Rice_speech_Nov_2023___FPS_statisti_d230.htm — Tara Rice speech Nov 2023 — FPS statistics: 70+ systems globally, 14 already cross-border, 24 planning
substrate/INT/BIS-CPMI/CPMI-API-HARMONISATION-CROSS-BORDER-2024/_raw_manual_substrate/p_10_GUIDELINE_Tara_Rice_speech_Nov_2023___FPS_statisti_d230.htm

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Every finding on this page compares an AI subject's account of the rule against the regulator's verbatim text from the regulator's own portal. Both are linked. Each delta, its root causes, and impact analysis are documented and published with immutable Citation IDs.